2002考研英语试题及答案(3)_新闻中心

2002考研英语试题及答案(3)

http://www.sina.com.cn 2005年12月23日15:06 人民网

SectionIIIReadingComprehension 　　PartA 　　Directions: 　　Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing 　　A，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points) 　　Text1 　　Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile，youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.YourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsyMPAthywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing，theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers，youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries，youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses. 　　Hereisanexample，whichIheardatanurses'convention，ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations，beautifulgardens，sunnyweather，andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful，politeandfriendlyuntil，waitinginalineforlunch，thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat，whorushestotheheadoftheline，grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?"thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“On，that'sGod，"camethereply，“butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor." 　　Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing，youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem. 　　Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous，youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile，sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark. 　　 　　Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed，giveup"oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.(4 　　47words) 　　41.Tomakeyourhumorwork，youshould. 　　［A］takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience. 　　［B］makefunofthedisorganizedpeople. 　　［C］addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople. 　　［D］showsyMPAthyforyourlisteners. 　　42.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat，intheeyesofnurses，theyare. 　　［A］impolitetonewarrivals. 　　［B］veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole. 　　［C］entitledtosomeprivileges. 　　［D］verybusyevenduringlunchhours. 　　43.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices. 　　［A］havebenefitedmanypeople. 　　［B］arethefocusofpublicattention. 　　［C］areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor. 　　［D］haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock. 　　44.Toachievethedesiredresult，humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered. 　　［A］inwell-wordedlanguage. 　　［B］asawkwardlyaspossible. 　　［C］inexaggeratedstatements. 　　［D］ascasuallyaspossible. 　　45.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe. 　　［A］UseHumorEffectively. 　　［B］VariousKindsofHumor. 　　［C］AddHumortoSpeech. 　　［D］DifferentHumorStrategies. 　　Text2 　　Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity，peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous，boring，burdensome，orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction，theyhavebeguntocomeclose. 　　Asaresult，themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobo-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics，therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone. 　　Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility，theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror，"saysDaveLavery，managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA，“wecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense'toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld." 　　Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010，researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies. 　　Whattheyfound，inattemptingtomodelthought，isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant，instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability，andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit. 　　46.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin. 　　［A］theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction. 　　［B］thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry. 　　［C］theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork. 　　［D］theelite'scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork. 　　47.Theword“gizmos"(line1，paragraph2)mostprobablymeans. 　　 　　［A］programs.［B］experts.［C］devices. 　　［D］creatures. 　　48.Accordingtothetext，whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan. 　　［A］fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery. 　　［B］interactwithhumanbeingsverbally. 　　［C］havealittlecommonsense. 　　［D］respondindependentlytoachangingworld. 　　49.Besidesreducinghumanlabor，robotscanalso. 　　［A］makeafewdecisionsforthemselves. 　　［B］dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention. 　　［C］improvefactoryenvironments. 　　［D］cultivatehumancreativity. 　　50.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare. 　　［A］expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure. 　　［B］abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately. 　　［C］farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation. 　　［D］bestusedinacontrolledenvironment. 　　Text3 　　Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch，thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel，upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock，whenpricesquadrupled，and1979-80，whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime? 　　TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth，atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere，couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm. 　　Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope，taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice，soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. 　　Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere，andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation，ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy，energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software，consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat，itoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear，coMPAredwith$13in1998，thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand，oil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensive，andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed. 　　Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat，unliketherisesinthe1970s，ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist'scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%，andin1979byalmost30%. 　　51.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis. 　　［A］globalinflation.［B］reductioninsupply. 　　［C］fastgrowthineconomy.［D］Iraq'ssuspensionofexports. 　　52.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif. 　　［A］priceofcruderises.［B］commoditypricesrise. 　　［C］consumptionrises.［D］oiltaxesrise. 　　53.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries. 　　［A］heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive. 　　［B］incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices. 　　［C］manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed. 　　［D］oilpricechangeshavenosignificantiMPActonGDP. 　　54.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat. 　　［A］oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow. 　　［B］inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks. 　　［C］energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices. 　　［D］thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry. 　　55.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems. 　　［A］optimistic.［B］sensitive.［C］gloomy. 　　［D］scared. 　　Text4 　　TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. 　　Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide，theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect，"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. 　　Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain，eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. 　　NancyDubler，directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter，contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery，verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath." 　　GeorgeAnnas，chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity，maintainsthat，aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose，thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.“It'slikesurgery，"hesays.“Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients，althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'reaphysician，youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirsuicide." 　　Onanotherlevel，manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. 　　JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt'srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide，theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport，Approaching 　　Death:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. 　　Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices，totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies，todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare，andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. 　　Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering，"totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear…thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension." 　　 　　56.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs，welearnthat. 　　［A］doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'pain. 　　［B］itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives. 　　［C］theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide. 　　［D］patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide. 　　57.Whichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtothetext? 　　［A］Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death. 　　［B］Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery. 　　［C］TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed. 　　［D］Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions. 　　 　　58.AccordingtotheNAS'sreport，oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis. 　　［A］prolongedmedicalprocedures. 　　［B］inadequatetreatmentofpain. 　　［C］systematicdrugabuse. 　　［D］insufficienthospitalcare. 　　59.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive"(line3，paragraph7)? 　　［A］Bold.［B］Harmful.［C］Careless. 　　［D］Desperate. 　　60.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey. 　　［A］managetheirpatientsincompetently. 　　［B］givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded. 　　［C］reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients. 　　［D］prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients.