2003考研英语试题及答案(3)

　　SectionIIIReadingComprehension

　　Directions:Readthefollowingforetexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANAWERSHEET1(40points)

　　Text1

　　WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe"greatgame"ofespionage-----spyingasa"profession."ThesedaystheNet，whichhasalreadyre-madepastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail，isreshapingDonovan'svocationaswell.

　　Thelastrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen'se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears，theworldwidewebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit"opensourceintelligence，"andastheNetgrows，itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.in1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner，byalargemargin，wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpen-SourceSolutions，whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.

　　AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthenewworldisStraitford，Inc.，aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin，Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatwww.straitford.com.

　　StraiffordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution，aspymaster'sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine."Assoonasthatreportruns，we'llsuddenlyget500newinternetsign-upsfromUkraine，"saysFriedman，aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor."Andwe'llhearbackfromsomeofthem."Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks，ofcourse，sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That'sswheresStraitfordearnsitskeep.

　　FriedmanreliesonaleanstaffinAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm'soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford'sbriefsdon'tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-andforthing，wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford，saysFriedman，takesprideinitsindependentvoice.

　　41.TheemergenceoftheNethas

　　A.receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan.

　　B.remoldedtheintelligenceservices.

　　C.restoredmanycommonpastimes.

　　D.revivedspyingasaprofession.

　　42.Donovan'sstoryismentionedinthetextto

　　A.introducethetopicofonlinespying.

　　B.showhowhefoughtfortheU.S.

　　C.giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar.

　　D.honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA.

　　43.Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash”(line1，paragraph3)mostprobablymeans

　　A.causingthebiggesttrouble.

　　B.exertingthegreatesteffort.

　　C.achievingthegreatestsuccess.

　　D.enjoyingthewidestpopularity.

　　44.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that

　　A.Straitford'spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue.

　　B.Straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation.

　　C.Straitford'sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability.

　　D.Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation.

　　45.Straitfordismostproudofits

　　A.officialstatus.

　　B.nonconformistimage.

　　C.efficientstaff.

　　D.militarybackground.

　　BACDB

　　Text2Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke，“allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates，whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding，andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings，manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.

　　Forexample，agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatopposedimmunizations，shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo，shereplied，“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.”Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn，shesaid，“Don’tworry，scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon'sunderstand.

　　Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate，understandableway-inhumanterms，notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother'shipreplacement，afather'sbypassoperationababy'svaccinations，andevenapet'sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments，aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines，animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.

　　Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt”middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor，lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours，toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally，becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients，thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper，whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch，butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.

　　46.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke'swordsto

　　A.callonscientiststotakesomeactions.

　　B.criticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrights.

　　C.warnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch.

　　D.showthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovement.

　　47.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis

　　A.cruelbutnatural.

　　B.inhumanandunacceptable.

　　C.inevitablebutvicious.

　　D.pointlessandwasteful.

　　48.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic's

　　A.discontentwithanimalresearch.

　　B.ignoranceaboutmedicalscience.

　　C.indifferencetoepidemics.

　　D.anxietyaboutanimalrights.

　　49.Theauthorbelievesthat，infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates，scientistsshould

　　A.communicatemorewiththepublic.

　　B.employhi-techmeansinresearch.

　　C.feelnoshamefortheircause.

　　D.strivetodevelopnewcures.

　　50.FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis

　　A.awell-knownhumanist.

　　B.amedicalpractitioner.

　　C.anenthusiastinanimalrights.

　　D.asupporterofanimalresearch.

　　ABBAD

　　Text3

　　Inrecentyears，railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother，mergingsintossupersystems，causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995，thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear，afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted，justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.

　　Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly，theyargue，isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances，suchascoal，chemicals，andgrain，truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.

　　Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment'sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief，buttheprocessisexpensive，timeconsuming，andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.

　　Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone'scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate，theyargue，shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso，leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It'stheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe，butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?”asksMartinBercovici，aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.

　　Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehiswitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole，despiteitsbrighteningfortuningfortunes.stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother，withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail'snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjustmillion，lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who'sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill，asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.

　　51.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergersrailwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause

　　A.costreductionisbasedoncompetition.

　　B.servicescallforcross-tradecoordination.

　　C.outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist.

　　D.shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat.

　　52.Whatismanycaptiveshippers'attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?

　　A.Indifferent.

　　B.Supportive.

　　C.Indignant.

　　D.Apprehensive.

　　53.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that

　　A.shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad.

　　B.therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide.

　　C.overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief.

　　D.agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness.

　　54.Theword“arbiters”(line7，paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose

　　A.whoworkascoordinators.

　　B.whofunctionasjudges.

　　C.whosupervisetransactions.

　　D.whodeterminetheprice.

　　55.Accordingtothetext，thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby

　　A.thecontinuingacquisition.

　　B.thegrowingtraffic.

　　C.thecheeringWallStreet.

　　D.theshrinkingmarket.

　　CCDBA

　　Text4ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing，inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptionalSmallwonder.Americans'lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced，clinicaldepressioncontrolled，cataractsremovedina30-minutssurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath-andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.

　　Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish，evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel，yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare，wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus，evenifit'suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians-frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient-toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.

　　In1950，theU.S.spent.7billiononhealthcare.In2002，thecostwillbebillion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage-----say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”，sothatyounger，healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.

　　Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyond，andremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78，ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO'Connorisinher70s，andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-old，Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.

　　Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Askaphysician，Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden，countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare，haveachievedlonger，healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation，wemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople'slives.

　　56.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?

　　A.Americansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople.

　　B.Americansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore.

　　C.Americansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology.

　　D.Americanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy.

　　57.Theauthorusestheexampleofcanerpatientstoshowthat

　　A.medicalresourcesareoftenwasted.

　　B.doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases.

　　C.sometreatmentsaretooaggressive.

　　D.medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable.

　　58.Theauthor'sattitudetowardRichardLamm'sremarkisoneof

　　A.strongdisapproval.

　　B.reservedconsent.

　　C.slightcontempt.

　　D.enthusiasticsupport.

　　59.IncontrastotheU.S.，JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare

　　A.moreflexibly.

　　B.moreextravagantly.

　　C.morecautiously.

　　D.morereasonably.

　　60.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat

　　Amedicinewillfurtherprolongpeople'slives.

　　B.lifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworthliving.

　　C.deathshouldbeacceptedasafactoflife.

　　D.excessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthcare.

　　DABDC