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英语生词 挡道猜义有讲究


http://www.sina.com.cn 2006年04月19日06:25 四川新闻网-成都商报

  考英语最怕生词多,生词一多考生就读不懂,答题正确率就难保证。如何准确猜测词义,成为每位考生必须要啃的“硬骨头”,尤其在阅读理解中更是如此。今日,“2006高考 成都名师讲堂”为广大学子邀请到了树德中学高三英语教研组长、成都市学科带头人李作诗,成都七中高三英语教师刘亚东,成都外国语学校高三英语教研组组长、高级教师、成都市外语协会会员徐群英为你重点讲解如何根据上下文猜测生词的词义,以及熟悉单词的新含义。另外,还为广大考生提炼了部分历年考试经典试题进行详解。

  如果你有什么疑问,可以通过每日9:00~16:00的热线86613333-1向我们反映,我们会在最短的时间内给予答复。

  阅读理解选词义 教你这样猜猜猜

  成都外国语学校高三英语教研组组长、高级教师、成都市外语协会会员徐群英

  阅读理解中的划线猜测词义部分对多数考生来说是一块“硬骨头”,由于所考的词大多数是生词,又富含上下文特殊含义,考生得分率低,是阅读中的难点之一。但若解题方法得当,则会收到事半功倍的效果。

  1、利用同位语、定语从句猜测词义。

  同位语、定语从句一般会对前文词义、句子进行解释、说明,注意他们的含义有利解题。例如:

  Here is The Pines,whose cook has develped a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou,wild boar and reideer with surprising sauces.(2004 福建卷E篇)

  (1)According to the passage,The Pines is a ______

  A、place in which you can see many mobile homes

  B、mountain where you can get a good view of the valley

  C、town which happens to be near the Banff National Park

  D、restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food

  由The Pines后的非限制性定语从句中的food,可知The Pines指一个有食物的地方,因此最佳答案为D。

  2、利用定义、解释、举例猜测词义。

  这种文章形式多样,常见的标志词有:that is (to say),in other words,or rather,or,meaning,for example,for instance,such as,and so on。有时候标点符号也要注意,尤其是破折号、逗号、括号。例如:

  The largest player ?Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide varety of choices?deluxe sedans,minivans,station wagons,coaches.Santana sedans are the big favourite .(2001 全国卷A篇)

  (2)The word “deluxe sedans”、“minivans”、“station wagons”used in the text refer to______

  A.cars in the making

  B.car rental firms

  C.cars for rent

  D.car makers

  由破折号前的“offers a wide variety of choices ”已暗示这些都是出租车的牌子,最佳答案为C。

  3.利用构词法猜测词义。

  考生要求掌握前后缀规律,如un-, im-, in-,dis-, il-等前缀与-less等后缀可构成反义词;后缀-ful, -ly, -ism,-ness等可改换词性。而合成词要在正确理解两词的基础上,结合上下文把握两词之间的关系,猜测词义;而对词义的转化,也要求结合上下文来猜测。例如:

  Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them ?a form of favouritism will replace equality.(2004 上海卷C篇)

  (3)The word“favouritism” in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that______

  A.bright children also need certification to get satisfying jobs.

  B.children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobs.

  C.poor children with certificate are favoured in job markets.

  D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success.

  题中“favouritism”是形容词favourite和词缀ism(主义、学说、制度)构成的名词。它的含义并没有大的变化,在此可推测为“裙带关系”,当平等被裙带关系所取代时,那些来自highly respected schools的学生就会有更多的机会,因此最佳答案为B。

  4.利用上下文意及逻辑关系猜测词义。

  此法应结合上下文,再结合并列、因果、转折、递进等逻辑关系推断该词使用的原因,造成的结果或产生的效益,从而猜出词义。常用的标志词有because ;so that; so /such……that; but; while; however; on the one hand;on the other hand;for one thing;for another及众多的反义词。例如:

  The gunners like to describe what they do as character-building,but we knew that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony of dying can make nobody happy.(2004 江苏卷E篇)

  (4)The underlined word “agony” in the last paragraph probably means______.

  A、form B、condition

  C、pain D、sadness

  虽然持枪猎杀动物的人把他们的所作所为吹嘘为性格的培养,但是看到动物死亡时经历的痛苦,任何人都高兴不起来。因此,通过but的转折关系和第二分句中先受伤后经历死亡的并列关系可以推测出C为最佳答案。

  5、利用文化背景、生活常识猜测词义。

  目前高考题越来越注重文化背景的渗透,因此对英语文化背景知识的了解,具备一定的生活常识,掌握一定的专业知识,可以提高猜测的准确性。例如:

  One of Britain is bravest woman told yesterday how she helped to catch suspected police Killer David Bieber?and was thanked with flowers by the police.It was also said that she could be in line for a share of up to £30,000 reward money.(2004 湖南卷E篇)

  (5)The underlined phrase“be in line for ”in Paragraph 1 means______.

  A、get B、be paid

  C、ask for D、own

  这个勇敢的妇女协助警方抓住了一个杀害警察的嫌疑犯,见义勇为的良好社会风范都会得到社会的奖赏。因此她就会得到一份高达3万英镑的奖金,而不能误以为她主动索要C(ask for)或因劳资关系而被付给这笔钱B(be paid),因此最佳答案为A。

  总之,英语阅读理解中猜测划线部分意义的技巧和方法很多,他们是相互关联,相辅相成的。只有在平时联系中综合运用、灵活多变,积极思考并掌握方法,才能在高考中运用自如,立于不败之地。

  本版采写 本报记者 王冕 刘润智 郭晶晶

  仔细看 熟词有新义

  树德中学高三英语教研组长、成都市学科带头人李作诗

  近年来,为了考查考生猜测词义的能力,高考英语阅读理解题中出现了大量生词。其中有不少词属于熟词换新义的情况,很多考生因不懂这些熟词的新含义,而出现思维被堵的现象,严重影响了对全文的正确理解,造成不应有的失分。为了提高阅读效率,本周重点复习归纳熟词的新词义。

  1.fire vt. 解雇

  Work hard or you will be fired. 努力工作,否则你将被解雇。

  2.fine vt. 罚款

  If you pay no attention to the red light and run across the street, you’ll be fined.如果你对红灯不予理睬,强行过马路,你将被罚款。

  3.fall n.秋天

  In fall all the leaves fall of them?鄄selves.秋天所有树叶都会无风自落。

  4.wind vt.使弯曲前进或迂回、蜿蜒

  The Great Wall of China winds its way from west to east.长城自西向东蜿蜒前进。

  5.lay vt.下蛋、产卵

  The hen lay here, laying egges.母鸡伏在那里下蛋。

  6.spring n.泉水,弹簧、弹力;

  vt.跳跃

  The spring has run dry.这眼泉干涸了。

  This is a dead spring.这弹簧没了弹性。

  The ball sprang back and hit him.球弹回打在他身上。

  7.mine n.矿山;

  vt.开采(矿物)

  This mine will be opened.这个矿井将被开采。

  Coal is mined from underground.煤采自地下。

  8.can n.罐头

  This is a can of oranges.这是橘子罐头。

  9.bear vt.忍受

  I can’t bear this pain.我无法忍受这样的痛苦。

  10.stand vt. 忍受

  I can’t stand being treated like this.我受不了别人这样对我。

  11.clear vi.天气转晴

  The sky will clear up this afternoon.下午天将转晴。

  12.cost vt.使丧失

  This storm cost the king all his ship.这场暴风雨使国王失掉了所有船只。

  13.date vi. 始于或属于(某一历史时期);

  n.约会

  This tower dates from /back to the 14th century.此塔历史可追溯到十四世纪。

  I will have a date with Jenny tonight.今晚我和Jenny有约会。

  14.way n.领域、场合

  Science can help peasants in many ways .科学可在很多领域对农民有所帮助。

  15.flat n.一套房间

  I have a flat in this building.我在这幢楼里有一套房间。

  16.gift n.天资、才能

  He has a gift for music.他有音乐天赋。

  17.table n.表格

  This is a railway timetable.这是一张火车时刻表。

  18.tear vt.撕

  He tore the letter open.他把信撕开了。

  19.china n.瓷器

  I will buy a set of china.我要买套瓷器。

  20.interest n.利益

  I criticize you for your interest.我批评你是为你好。

  21.iron n.熨斗

  She is pressing her dress with an iron.她在用熨斗烫衣服。

  22.lift n.电梯

  The building is too high, please take the lift.楼房太高了,请乘电梯。

  23.must n.必须做的事情

  To learn English well is a must.学好英语是非常必要的。

  举一反三 经典习题解析

  成都七中高三英语教师 刘亚东

  学生在语法的练习基础上需安排一定量的综合练习题,每周应不少于两套题。做完练习后要做好分析工作,在分析时可以从以下几个方面入手:应该记忆的单词短语;不太熟悉的句型结构;以及常错题的类型等。本周,主要讲解一些历年的考试题型。

  【例1】NMET 2003

  The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took _____ pictures of them.

  A. many of B. masses of

  C. the number of D. a large amount of

  答案:B

  解析:由pictures可以排除D项,因为它只能修饰不可数名词;由题意可知是大量的意思,可以排除C;A答案后要跟的是代词;因此只有B正确。

  【例2】上海春招 2003

  Equipped with modern facilities, today’s libraries differ greatly from_____.

  A. those of the past B. the past

  C. which of the past D. these past

  答案:A

  解析:此题考查的是比较对象的一致问题以及替代词的用法, those代替前面复数名词libraries,故应选择A。

  【例3】2004 上海春招

  No one in the department but Tom and I ____ that the director is going to resign.

  A. knows B. know

  C. have known D. am to know

  答案:A

  解析:当主语后接“but/as well as/no less than/with/along with/except/like/including + 名词”结构时,谓语动词只需看最前面的名词。

  【例4】2002 上海春招

  He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years.

  A. is B. are C. have been D. had been

  答案:A

  解析:通常在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”的结构中,从句谓语动词一般用复数,但是当one前面有only/just/very修饰时,从句谓语动词则要使用单数。

  【例5】2003 北京春招

  ?When will you come to see me?

  ?I will go to see you when you _____the training course.

  A. will have finishedB. will finish

  C. are finishing D. finish

  答案:D

  解析:此题考查时态的替换问题。在时间,让步,条件状语从句中要用一般现在时替换一般将来时,因此选择D。

  【例6】2004 全国卷

  When we plan our vacation, mother often offers _________ suggestions.

  A. careful B. practical

  C. effective D. acceptable

  答案:B

  解析:在语境中考查词义的辨别是近年高考的热点,一般涉及的是实词的意义辨别。practical 表示“可行的;实用的”,符合题义。


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